Technological Blessing or Mistake of the Past?

In July of this year a very curious piece of research was brought to the attention of the world. It would simultaneously bring hope to those suffering from infertility, and also disgust to those who saw it as scientists "playing God". The Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of St. Barnabas in New Jersey released the information that they had been testing the use of genetic modification with in vitro fertilization. 15  babies in the program were born using a method that uses DNA from three separate parents. The method  was used for couples who wanted to conceive their own genetic children but were unable to do so because of mitochondrial defects in their eggs. The institute extracted healthy mitochondria from an anonymous female donor's eggs and then inserted the mitochondria into those of the mother, replacing the defective ones. So far, two out of the 15 babies have been shown to have successfully inherited DNA from the three separate parents, which means that they will be able to pass on those genes to their children as well.  Does this experiment have implications for human future itself?

It seems that the main issue behind this particular work was that of human infertility. But to many people it could be a gateway into fixing other genetic problems that we wouldn't want to pass onto our offspring. Julian Savulescu, an Oxford professor and controversial ethicist, argues, "When it comes to screening out personality flaws, such as potential alcoholism, psychopathy and disposition to violence, you could argue that people have a moral obligation to select ethically better children". Indeed, the technology now seems to exist to isolate certain "good genes" from one parent and meld them into the greater DNA structure of another. What Savulescu proposes doing could in the short run save parents the heartbreak of their children growing up to have intense behavioral issues and self-destructive tendencies. It could also do a future favor to the communities that they would grow up in by removing a potential threat of violent assault or perhaps drunk driving.

After all, there are already practices in place of screening embryos for the genetic disposition for certain cancers and defects. The process, called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is used to screen for embryos free of mutations on the BRCA1 gene, which could carry a 60-80% increase in lifetime risk of breast cancer. Just this past July, at the conference of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, research was presented on the PGD method that very successful distinctions between embryos that carry the breast cancer gene mutation and those that didn't. To those who carry a long family history of cancer, this practice may very well become a common test.

For all of the potential benefits of the two genetic modification methods mentioned above, there is still the question of the past transgressions of similar programs. What is today’s genetic modification is not so far off from the concept of eugenics. The historical legacy of this practice is one of racism and prejudice against mental disabilities, most notably in Nazi Germany. But the idea of eugenics and ethnic cleansing stems even farther back from programs in the United States back in the early 20^th century. According to an article by Edwin Black in the San Francisco Gate, “In its first 25 years of eugenics legislation, California sterilized 9,782 individuals, mostly women. Many were classified as ‘bad girls,’ diagnosed as ‘passionate,’ ‘oversexed’ or ‘sexually wayward’”. Even the Supreme Court supported the practice through a decision in a 1927 case, the reasoning being to prevent the world from dealing with future generations of “imbeciles”.

Although the contemporary field of genetic modification is not, to my knowledge, involved in the sterilization of the “unfit”, it does have a clear parallel with eugenics. Both types of programs place importance on removing perceived human imperfections. But who is to decide what particular traits or genes are fit for removal? Cancer and infertility have clear moral justifications, but what about the genes for certain mental disabilities? The other issue with genetically modifying future children is the disparity between rich and poor. It would be a practice largely of the elite because such cosmetic procedures cost tens of thousands of dollars. Arguably, a future picture of humankind might be one that juxtaposes rich, genetically “perfect” people with those who are poorer and genetically inferior.

Whatever the positive implications of human genetic modification, it is also difficult to predict what future course such programs would take. We cannot predict whether humankind would learn from the mistakes of past eugenics programs, or if they would instead inadvertently adopt a similar purpose. I personally hope that these new technologies will only be used for the purposes of infertility or preventing life- threatening disease, but we will have to wait to see what the future of reproductive science entails.

The Most Delicious Import that New York Has Ever Seen

 Move on over Nathan's, Japan is taking over.

Meet the Terimayo. It ain’t your average hotdog. On top of an otherwise typical frankfurter is piled teriyaki sauce, mayonnaise, and seaweed flakes. It sounds crazy, right? But just prepare yourself, because the end result is something like a symphony for the taste buds:  salty, sweet, creamy, and savory, all existing harmoniously. It's unlike anything you've ever had before, but somehow it feels so right.

This crazy concoction is just one of 22 signature creations by the owners of JAPADOG, a Vancouver-based street-vendor-turned-restaurant. What started out in 2005 as one Japanese couple and their food cart has now expanded to five Vancouver locations and one in NYC. In just seven years, the chain has seen amazing growth. So what's their secret?

The genius of JAPADOG is its flawless combination of two distinctly different cuisines. With one glance at their menu, it’s easy to see the cultural melting pot at work. Their specialty dogs incorporate traditional Japanese elements.  The list of intriguing toppings includes teriyaki, seaweed, miso, noodles, and sesame seeds.  For the meat portion, customers can choose from a regular all-beef hotdog, countless types of turkey and pork sausages, and two vegetarian options. And if you want to add a little kick to your lunch, you can pick up a side of spicy wasabi fries. The meal that results from all of these unique offerings is one that truly blurs the lines between what is Japanese and what is American.

But the culinary influence doesn’t just stop there. With their offering of bratwurst and fried sauerkraut, there’s even a play on German cuisine.  Keeping that in mind, who knows what other cultures have contributed indirectly to the JAPADOG? Human history, and especially that of culinary traditions, is often marked by the exchange of ideas. As the modern world increases international trade, the process is sped up like never before. JAPADOG embodies this concept of globalization by becoming something that transcends the traditional boundaries of the nation-state. The interaction of different cultures forms new hybrid identities. The hotdogs could even be a metaphor for the lives of their creators, who moved to Vancouver from Japan to pursue their entrepreneurial dream. Perhaps they symbolize how as immigrants, the couple was forced to mesh their sense of being Japanese with their new lives in Canada.

Although their menu items may be unique, the cross-cultural idea behind JAPADOG is not. Just walking the streets of New York, you can see hundreds of street vendors and restaurants serving international cuisines. The options are endless- Thai, Ethiopian, Spanish, Argentinean, and Italian eateries could all be found on the same block. It’s even rumored that there are more French restaurants in New York than there are in Paris, (thanks to a certain Snapple fact). Just as we export “America” through the likes of McDonalds and other fast food joints, we also draw in an enormous wealth in foreign culture through their cuisines.

I see this vast culinary diversity as a reminder that we no longer belong to one city or country. In many ways, mankind is turning into a single, although still multicultural, global entity. The great thing about food is that it can act as a scientific indicator of this process. Through cuisine, we trace interactions between different regions of the world, and we can catch a glimmer of the far-reaching affects of globalization.

So next time you're over on St. Marks Place, drop in to JAPADOG. It'll be like taking a trip to Japan while keeping one foot in New York. 

Power to the People

Many Americans have a picture in their mind of what home schooling is. In the past it has been a huge burden on parents if they chose to stay home and guide their child's individualized learning. It also could be difficult to find the right textbooks at a local bookstore or know where to order them through catalogues. In today’s time, home schooling is incredibly better because the internet provides an endless font of benefits. Now, online courses take the weights off of parents teaching. Nooks and other e-readers cut textbooks costs in half and make buying them as easy as a swipe of your finger. And for the critics who say that the students miss out on human interaction, there is even the option for tutoring via Skype. Home schooling is now an easier method for families than it was ever before.

To start off- what exactly is it like to take online courses? I looked up the high school level program in the Keystone School online to find out. Like any traditional school, there is a curriculum and a set of requirements for graduation that emphasize math, science, social studies, and English. 

Delving a little further into the courses themselves, I found incredibly detailed outlines of what the workloads would be like. It surprised me to see that there are even lab sciences offered, many of which can be done with simple materials found at home and others for which they provide a lab kit with the cost of the course. It’s plain to see that in terms of designing a syllabus, parents no longer have to worry. Online courses are now a full-fledged industry with professionals collaborating to produce expert course designs and curriculums. In fact, parents no longer need to even be present for home-schooling, which maybe could free them up to bring in another source of income. (They’ll probably need one, with most courses priced at hundreds of dollars)

Then comes the next 21^st century blessing: e-books. This trendy technology can actually be a huge benefit to your wallet. As I recently found out at the NYU Bookstore, textbooks ain’t cheap. I can’t imagine having to spend thousands of dollars on books alone throughout high school or middle school. Not only is the content from textbooks now more accessible, but also cheaper than traditional hardcovers or paperbacks. Just browse the etextbooks section of Barnes and Noble’s website for proof:

Some of these digital volumes are up to three times cheaper than buying the physical tome. Options to rent them are even better, and there’s no worrying about if the book gets damaged. Although the starting price for a Nook is about $99, when you could save on average $50 per large textbook the extra cost soon pays for itself.

A major question about home schooling via the internet is if the student will miss out by not having the physical presence of a teacher to instruct them, which I find to be a valid concern. But in yet another of the many examples of cultural convergence, tutors now have the option to operate through videochatting. Programs like those offered through Sylvan Learning Center focus on the importance of speaking and working with teachers in real time. It’s almost like bringing the classroom setting to the student. Not only does the student get valuable human interaction, but they also get one-on-one help by an expert in the subject, something their parents wouldn’t necessarily be able to provide for them. Here's an example of a similar program offered through Revolution Prep:

So what’s the verdict? It seems that with these three Web 2.0 technologies, home schooling is a more viable option than ever. The quality of the education provided is guaranteed by online courses, and combined with cheap e-textbooks, it takes an enormous pressure off of parents. Students don’t lose out on the teacher interaction without a traditional classroom setting because they can receive even more individualized instruction via Skyping with their tutors. Logistically, the internet has streamlined the process of education from home. The only downfall is that for all of the methods I have described, there is money involved. Shouldn’t knowledge be free? But that’s an entirely different discussion. 

Coming From a Gamers Girlfriend

I'll readily admit that I am not myself a "gamer". If you hand me an Xbox controller there's a good chance that I'll hold it upside down. But despite my inexperience, reading about the 2010 Supreme Court case over the affects of gaming got me more interested than ever. Although there are many negative behaviors that people assume are caused by gaming, like decreased fitness levels, I wanted to know: What good comes from video games?

Ryan in the zone

 So I turned to my number one technology expert, my boyfriend Ryan. Now this guy doesn't mess around. For him, gaming is a way of life. You can always catch him reading CNET.com, watching gameplays on youtube, pulling all night binges, and treating the next game release like Christmas. As someone who started playing N64 at the age of 4 or 5, he is fully immersed in gaming culture.

We started off talking about the morals systems in games, specifically in a post-apocalyptic zombie game entitled DayZ. This mod to the game Arma2 was created by Dean Hall, a New Zealander who originally came up with the idea to help him to emotionally prepare for serving in the army. In the first four months of its release it attracted 1 millions players, all who were in for a challenge different from many games out there today. The world of DayZ puts the player in incredibly realistic situations, in which they must scavenge for supplies while being constrained by basic needs such as food and water. Most importantly, there are moral consequences of your actions. If the you make the choice to kill as many people as you can, then your character turns into a bandit, so that other players will be able to recognize your murderous nature. Instead of a flesh-eating zombie being your worst nightmare, you actually have to worry more about what other humans will do to you. Also, there is the possibility to have to deal with broken limbs or bullets, in which case you must search for materials to stop the bleeding. I think that the most amazing realistic aspect of this game is that once you are killed in the game, you must restart as a new character, without any of the supplies that you had previously collected.

            As I’ve sat and watched Ryan play this game, it blows my mind how much of a difficult situation it is. Even walking too loudly can attract a horde of zombies to your presence. Because the stakes are so high in this game, the player has no choice but to become emotionally invested.  I would say that if there was ever a zombie pandemic, it wouldn’t be much different from DayZ. Although the game is very complex, its popularity speaks volumes. The world of gamers isn’t opposed to the idea of moral consequences. But how else can we learn from games?

            My favorite example that Ryan mentioned is a game for the Nintendo DS called Brain Age. What I love about this game is its universality. On their website, the company discusses how it can be played by anyone, even senior citizens. I guess it’s time to bring Nana to Gamestop! But in all seriousness, this game is a fantastic example of how we can use gaming to our advantage. It’s centered around puzzles, math problems, word scrambles, and drawing, just to name a few of the options. The scores in the game are reported in terms of age; for example, a middle-aged person who plays regularly could develop brain cognition levels of a 20 year old. And the appeal of the game seems to be working. In Japan alone, there are 5 million players. It seems that Nintendo has developed a great way to not only expand their market to non-traditional gaming age groups, but also to provide an educational experience within a fun context.

            The world of gaming holds an important power in our world today. In this country alone, 63% of households play videogames. They are a widespread platform for people to practice valuable skills like morality, memory, and even hand-eye coordination. With the likes of DayZ and Brain Age already well-established in the gaming scene, who knows how many game developers will follow suit and create more realistic and practical applications of games. As an outsider looking in, it has always been difficult for me to understand the merits of gaming. But now, by putting them into this context of a valuable learning tool, I think I can finally understand their importance.

(Me pretending to play The Elder Scrolls V:Skyrim)

Anyone Can Cook! How Digital Media Changed the Food Industry

The United States has undergone a revolution. Not a coup d’état, but instead, you could call it a coup d’cuisine. We have always had an affectionate relationship with food, but in the past two decades it has developed into something else altogether. In today’s world, no longer does gourmet food belong to the elite, and no longer is the kitchen an exclusive arena.

But how did this change come about? Simply turn on your television.

 The Food Network is nothing less than a national pastime, with viewers in 100 million American households today. To put that in perspective, there’s a little over 114 million total households in the US as of 2010. The popular channel describes itself as a “unique lifestyle network…that connects viewers to the power and joy of food.” Indeed, who can doubt their success in that mission? Often today, lessons from professional chefs can cost upwards of $80 a person, as I recently experienced at the gourmet cooking supply chain Sur la Table. As a fantastically cheaper alternative, celebrity chefs like Bobby Flay, Emeril Lagasse, Rachael Ray and Paula Dean have brought personal cooking tutorials right into your kitchen, all included in the price of cable TV.

In the last five years, the Food Network has increased its accessibility by expanding into the online domain, with a database of recipes at the aptly named food.com. This move is nothing short of monumental. Online recipes are to cookbooks as Google is to libraries: a mind-blowingly more efficient method of delivering media. Food.com was one of the first databases of its kind. In the years since, the food industry has continued to develop its presence on the internet, through “foodie” blogs, Youtube channels, and perhaps the greatest presence of all: foodnetwork.com. Here you are able to not only access recipes and instructional TV segments, but also interact with a community of other Food Network fans. These technologies empower the “self-taught cook” by providing a forum for those in the culinary world who don’t necessarily have a degree. We see a great rise in user-based sites, as the world of cooking is transformed to a much more democratic entity.

The most recent development in my life as a chef is the smartphone application from AllRecipes.com. The concept of the “Dinner Spinner” is simple: choose what meal you’d like to prepare, a main ingredient you want to use, and the amount of time you have to cook. Then, spin the categories, and away we go. You are immediately provided with thousands of user-contributed recipes that matched with your categories, each rated using a five star system, and sorted by their relevance, rating, title, and popularity. I often wonder if this app completely oversimplifies the process of finding a recipe. After all, I always found so much joy in going through my copy of a Fanny Farmer cookbook, searching for the perfect dish. When I use such internet-based tools to find a recipe, I’m pretty much bombarded with all the options. It is not longer a slow acquisition of ones favorite cookbook recipes, but instead, it’s adding bookmarks in a web browser or saving a “Dinner Spinner” recipe to my favorites. As is a common feeling in our digital age, I feel out of touch with the work that previously went into finding information.

What was cooking like before the advent of all these godsends? In the history of humanity, the domestic roles of women, including food preparation, were passed down through personal instruction.  As a so-called digital native, I cannot say that I remember much of a life without celebrity chefs and online recipe databases. Yet at the same time, I had role models within my family who taught me how to cook and inspired my culinary creativity. We also own a collection of cookbooks, so many that they occupy their own bookshelf in our kitchen. Previously, we would thumb through them, starring our favorite dishes and writing in our own adaptations.  But now many of the cookbooks gather dust. The difference between those experiences and how I cook today is that while watching an online instructional video, I can always hit rewind. With a recipe database, I simply have to type in the keywords. Everything today is about simplicity and accessibility, sacrificing the once personal and sacred nature of food preparation.    

In the end, I certainly wouldn’t have arrived here today, as an avid baker and chef, without my hybrid culinary instruction from both real-life human interactions and internet sources. Who is to say which method is best? They seem to complement each other. Personally, I incorporate methods I learned from hands-on instruction with innovative new recipes invented by my online peers. The technological advances in our food industry are no less than an extension of an egalitarian ideal. The definition of chef today becomes looser as media like the Food Network and Dinner Spinner allow for easily accessible tutorials and recipe forums. A quote from the Disney-Pixar film Ratatouille describes the new American food culture perfectly; as Chef Gusteau says, “Anyone can cook!” 

Bibliography: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11Sa2bUqtnKArJwJYwVTr-S9FdML0Qjt-fcftFJv-ix8/edit